Bu darsda o'quvchi sifatlarning qiyosiy (comparative) va orttirma (superlative) darajalarini chuqurroq o'rganadi hamda 'than' so'zining talaffuzini mashq qiladi. Geografik joylar (orol, sahro, ko'l, daryo) va kompas yo'nalishlari (shimoli-sharq, janubi-g'arb kabi) haqidagi so'zlar bilan tanishadi. Shuningdek, tabiiy so'z birikmalari (collocations) va 'because' yordamida sabab bildirishni o'rganadi.
Bu darsda o'rganamiz:
- O'quvchi sifatlarning qiyosiy darajasini 'than' bilan to'g'ri qo'llay oladi.
- Sifatlarning orttirma darajasini ('the' + eng... shakli) to'g'ri yasay va ishlata oladi.
- Geografik joylar va kompas yo'nalishlarini ifodalovchi so'zlarni bilib oladi.
- Tabiiy so'z birikmalarini (masalan, 'heavy traffic', 'high price') to'g'ri tanlay oladi.
- 'because' yordamida o'z fikri yoki tanloviga sabab keltira oladi.
Grammar
Comparative Adjectives with 'than'
'than' bilan qiyosiy daraja
Ikki narsa yoki joyni solishtirishda sifatning qiyosiy shakli va undan keyin 'than' so'zi ishlatiladi. Qisqa sifatlarga '-er' qo'shiladi (older, colder), uzun sifatlarga 'more' qo'shiladi (more expensive, friendlier). 'Good' so'zining qiyosiy shakli 'better' bo'ladi. Nutqda 'than' so'zi ko'pincha kuchsiz (weak) talaffuz qilinadi — /ðən/ — va faqat alohida urg'u berilganda kuchli /ðæn/ shaklda aytiladi.
Formula:
- Adjective + -er/more + adjective + than + narsa/joy
Qo'llanishi:
- Ikki narsani ochiq taqqoslash uchun
- Kundalik nutqda 'than' odatda kuchsiz talaffuz qilinadi
Namunalar:
| English | O'zbekcha |
|---|---|
| Sydney is older than Melbourne. | Sidney Melburndan qadimiyroq. |
| This hotel is more expensive than that one. | Bu mehmonxona u biridan qimmatroq. |
| Swimming is better than skiing for me. | Men uchun suzish chang'i uchishdan yaxshiroq. |
| She is friendlier than the other students. | U boshqa talabalarga qaraganda samimiyroq. |
Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar:
- 'more friendlier' kabi ikkala shaklni birga ishlatish xato — faqat bittasini tanlash kerak: 'friendlier' yoki 'more friendly'.
- 'than' o'rniga 'that' yoki 'then' yozish yoki aytish keng tarqalgan xato.
Superlative Adjectives (the -est / the most)
Orttirma daraja (the -est / the most)
Uch yoki undan ortiq narsa orasida eng ustunini ko'rsatish uchun sifatning orttirma darajasi ishlatiladi. Qisqa sifatlarga 'the' va '-est' qo'shiladi (large - the largest, big - the biggest). 'Y' bilan tugaydigan sifatlarda 'y' harfi 'i' ga o'zgaradi (busy - the busiest). Uzun sifatlarga 'the most' qo'shiladi (famous - the most famous). 'Good' so'zining orttirma shakli 'the best' bo'ladi.
Formula:
- the + adjective + -est; the most + long adjective
Qo'llanishi:
- Uch va undan ortiq narsa orasida eng ustuvorini ajratib ko'rsatishda
- Har doim 'the' artikli bilan ishlatiladi
Namunalar:
| English | O'zbekcha |
|---|---|
| This is the deepest river in the country. | Bu mamlakatdagi eng chuqur daryo. |
| Everest is the highest mountain in the world. | Everest dunyodagi eng baland tog'. |
| This is the most interesting museum I have visited. | Bu men tashrif buyurgan eng qiziqarli muzey. |
| He is the best cook in our family. | U bizning oilamizdagi eng yaxshi oshpaz. |
Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar:
- Orttirma darajadan oldin 'the' artiklini tushirib qoldirish xato: 'biggest' emas, 'the biggest' to'g'ri.
- 'the most big' deyish xato, chunki 'big' qisqa sifat — to'g'risi 'the biggest'.
Compound Compass Directions
Qo'shma kompas yo'nalishlari
Asosiy to'rtta yo'nalish — north (shimol), south (janub), east (sharq), west (g'arb). Ikki yo'nalish orasidagi tomonni ko'rsatish uchun ular chiziqcha (-) bilan qo'shiladi: north-east (shimoli-sharq), north-west (shimoli-g'arb), south-east (janubi-sharq), south-west (janubi-g'arb). Bunda har doim 'north' yoki 'south' birinchi, 'east' yoki 'west' ikkinchi o'rinda keladi.
Formula:
- north/south + east/west (masalan: north-east, south-west)
Qo'llanishi:
- Joylashuv yoki yo'nalishni aniq tasvirlashda
- Xarita va sayohat haqida gapirganda
Namunalar:
| English | O'zbekcha |
|---|---|
| Hawaii is in the north Pacific Ocean. | Gavayi Tinch okeanining shimolida joylashgan. |
| The wind is blowing from the north-east. | Shamol shimoli-sharqdan esmoqda. |
| We are travelling to the south-west of the island. | Biz orolning janubi-g'arbiga sayohat qilyapmiz. |
| The lake is to the west of the mountain. | Ko'l tog'ning g'arbida joylashgan. |
Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar:
- Yo'nalishlarni teskari tartibda qo'shish xato: 'east-north' emas, to'g'risi 'north-east'.
- Qo'shma yo'nalishlarda chiziqchani tushirib qoldirish yozuvda tushunarsizlikka olib kelishi mumkin.
Giving Reasons with 'because'
'because' yordamida sabab bildirish
'Because' so'zi bir voqea yoki tanlovning sababini tushuntirish uchun ishlatiladi. U ikkinchi gapni birinchi gapga bog'laydi va 'nima uchun?' degan savolga javob beradi. 'Because' dan keyin to'liq gap (ega + kesim) keladi.
Formula:
- Main clause + because + subject + verb (+ reason)
Qo'llanishi:
- Nima uchun biror narsani tanlaganingizni yoki qilganingizni tushuntirishda
- Fikringizni asoslashda
Namunalar:
| English | O'zbekcha |
|---|---|
| I take a torch because it is dark at night. | Men fonar olaman, chunki kechasi qorong'i bo'ladi. |
| We prefer a tent because it is easy to carry. | Biz chodirni afzal ko'ramiz, chunki uni olib yurish oson. |
| She stayed at home because it was cold at night. | U uyda qoldi, chunki kechasi sovuq edi. |
| I like this place because it is quiet. | Menga bu joy yoqadi, chunki u tinch. |
Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar:
- 'because' dan keyin to'liq gap kelishini unutish xato: 'because it is dark' to'g'ri, faqat 'because dark' emas.
- 'because' va 'because of' ni chalkashtirish: 'because' dan keyin gap, 'because of' dan keyin ot keladi.
Lug'at (Vocabulary)
| So'z | Turkum | Tarjima | Misol |
|---|---|---|---|
| island | noun | orol | Hawaii has many beautiful islands. — Gavayida ko'plab chiroyli orollar bor. |
| coast | noun | sohil | We walked along the coast. — Biz sohil bo'ylab yurdik. |
| desert | noun | sahro | The Ka'u Desert is very dry. — Ka'u sahrosi juda quruq. |
| rainforest | noun | yomg'ir o'rmoni | The rainforest is full of animals. — Yomg'ir o'rmoni hayvonlarga to'la. |
| lake | noun | ko'l | We swam in the lake. — Biz ko'lda suzdik. |
| river | noun | daryo | This is the deepest river in the country. — Bu mamlakatdagi eng chuqur daryo. |
| waterfall | noun | sharshara | The waterfall was amazing to see. — Sharsharani ko'rish ajoyib edi. |
| compass | noun | kompas | Take a compass when you go camping. — Chodirga chiqqanda kompas olib boring. |
| tent | noun | chodir | We slept in a tent last weekend. — O'tgan dam olish kunlari biz chodirda uxladik. |
| sleeping bag | noun | uxlash xaltasi | My sleeping bag kept me warm. — Uxlash xaltam meni issiq saqladi. |
| torch | noun | fonar | I take a torch because it is dark at night. — Men fonar olaman, chunki kechasi qorong'i bo'ladi. |
| first aid kit | noun | birinchi tibbiy yordam qutisi | Always bring a first aid kit when camping. — Chodirga chiqqanda doim birinchi tibbiy yordam qutisini olib yuring. |
| traffic | noun | transport qatnovi, tirbandlik | There is heavy traffic in the city centre. — Shahar markazida katta tirbandlik bor. |
| score | noun | hisob, ball | She got a high score in the test. — U testda yuqori ball oldi. |
| worker | noun | ishchi | He is a hard worker. — U mehnatkash ishchi. |
| friendly | adjective | samimiy, do'stona | The people here are very friendly. — Bu yerdagi odamlar juda samimiy. |
| dangerous | adjective | xavfli | Swimming there is dangerous. — U yerda suzish xavfli. |
| useful | adjective | foydali | A compass is the most useful thing to take. — Kompas olib boriladigan eng foydali narsa. |
Mashqlar (Exercises)
1-mashq: Sifatning to'g'ri shaklini yozing
Qavs ichidagi sifatning qiyosiy yoki orttirma shaklini yozing.
- This mountain is ___ (high) than that one.
- Everest is ___ (high) mountain in the world.
- This café is ___ (good) than the other one.
- She is ___ (friendly) person I know.
- This city is ___ (busy) than my town.
- This is ___ (dangerous) activity of all.
2-mashq: Sifatni orttirma daraja bilan mosla
Chap tomondagi sifatni o'ng tomondagi to'g'ri orttirma daraja shakli bilan mosla.
- large
- busy
- good
- famous
- big
- hot
3-mashq: So'zlarni to'g'ri tartibga joylashtiring
Berilgan so'zlardan to'g'ri gap tuzing.
- than / older / Sydney / is / Melbourne
- mountain / highest / the / world / is / in / the / this
- because / a / take / torch / dark / it / is / I
- wind / the / north-east / from / blowing / is
- than / better / is / camping / hiking
- friendlier / are / than / people / here / other / places
4-mashq: Tabiiy so'z birikmasini tanlang
Har bir savol uchun eng tabiiy so'z birikmasini tanlang.
- Choose the natural collocation.
- A. high traffic
- B. heavy traffic
- C. big traffic
- D. large traffic
- Choose the natural collocation.
- A. strong price
- B. heavy price
- C. high price
- D. big price
- Choose the natural collocation.
- A. light sleeper
- B. small sleeper
- C. weak sleeper
- D. quiet sleeper
- Choose the natural collocation.
- A. strong winds
- B. heavy winds
- C. big winds
- D. large winds
- Choose the natural collocation.
- A. big worker
- B. hard worker
- C. strong worker
- D. heavy worker
- Choose the natural collocation.
- A. mild winters
- B. soft winters
- C. light winters
- D. weak winters
5-mashq: O'zbekchadan inglizchaga tarjima qiling
Gaplarni o'zbek tilidan ingliz tiliga tarjima qiling.
- Bu tog' u tog'dan balandroq.
- Bu dunyodagi eng chuqur daryo.
- Shamol shimoli-g'arbdan esmoqda.
- Men fonar olaman, chunki kechasi qorong'i bo'ladi.
- U bizning guruhimizdagi eng samimiy odam.
- Bu yo'l u yo'ldan xavfliroq.
Javoblar (Answer key)
1-mashq: Sifatning to'g'ri shaklini yozing: 1. higher · 2. the highest · 3. better · 4. the friendliest · 5. busier · 6. the most dangerous
2-mashq: Sifatni orttirma daraja bilan mosla: 1. the largest · 2. the busiest · 3. the best · 4. the most famous · 5. the biggest · 6. the hottest
3-mashq: So'zlarni to'g'ri tartibga joylashtiring: 1. Melbourne is older than Sydney. · 2. This is the highest mountain in the world. · 3. I take a torch because it is dark. · 4. The wind is blowing from the north-east. · 5. Camping is better than hiking. · 6. People here are friendlier than other places.
4-mashq: Tabiiy so'z birikmasini tanlang: 1. B · 2. C · 3. A · 4. A · 5. B · 6. A
5-mashq: O'zbekchadan inglizchaga tarjima qiling: 1. This mountain is higher than that mountain. · 2. This is the deepest river in the world. · 3. The wind is blowing from the north-west. · 4. I take a torch because it is dark at night. · 5. She is the friendliest person in our group. · 6. This road is more dangerous than that road.
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